铜香炉——古代奢华的生活用具 |
添加时间:2017/9/13 7:07:38 浏览次数: |
铜炉是中国明清时期最重要的文物门类之一,也是工艺美术史上的璀璨明珠。可以肯定的是,在青铜时代晚期,贵族的生活用具里,已经出现了铜炉。到了秦汉时期,铁器被广泛运用于生产工具和兵器制造,铜器铸造更多用于奢华的陈设品和生活用具,这对铜香炉的发展起到推动的作用。 Copper furnace is one of the most important cultural relics in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it is also a bright pearl in the history of Arts and crafts. To be sure, in the late Bronze Age, a bronze stove had appeared in the aristocracy's living gear. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, iron was widely used in the manufacture of tools and weapons, and bronze ware was used more in luxury furnishings and living utensils, which promoted the development of bronze incense burner. 焚香习俗在我国有着悠久的历史,古人焚香很多,所以香炉的用途很广,最主要的有三种用处:第一,礼仪环境中用作熏衣。古代没有香水,凡入朝觐见,或拜谒尊贵,必须将衣服熏香,方不失仪。直至清代晚期,西洋香料传入,这种风气才逐渐消失。第二,书斋里必备的文玩清供。古人读书须焚香,可免除室内浊气,刺激精神,保持心中愉悦,便于诵阅,有裨益于理解及记忆。第三,用于陵墓、寺庙及权势之家烧香、拜佛、祭祖神。焚香用具早在东周时期就已经出现,汉唐随着需求的增加,出现了由各种材料制作的香具。元末明初随着铜器铸造业的迅速发展,原先其他材料的香炉,逐渐被铜香炉所取代。 The custom of incense has a long history in China, so many ancient incense, incense is widely used, there are three main uses: first, as the etiquette environment in lavender. No perfume into ancient times, where the Hajj, or a noble, must dress incense, not lost instrument. Until the late Qing Dynasty, the introduction of Western spices, this trend gradually disappeared. Second, the study must have cleared to play for man. The reading should be exempt from the incense, fug, stimulate the spirit, keep the hearts of pleasure, to recite the reading, is beneficial to understanding and memory. Third, for tombs, temples and power house incense, Buddha, worship god. Incense appliances had already appeared as early as in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, Han and Tang Dynasties, with the increase in demand, there are made of various materials incense. In the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasty, with the rapid development of bronze casting industry, the other materials were gradually replaced by bronze incense burner. 手炉是铜炉中的另一个重要分支,它的出现较香炉晚。手炉又称“袖炉”、“捧炉”、“火笼”,是旧时宫廷乃至民间普遍使用的掌中取暖工具,多为铜制。同是用来取暖,而使用其物之人因年龄、性别、身份地位乃至所处地区、场合之不同,有着不同的使用方法。它们或放在桌案,或捧在手中,或藏于衣袖中,更有家人亲朋围炉团坐。闺中小姐则随身藏一小巧玲珑、轻薄剔透之袖炉,炉内放一炭球,笼于袖中;手提炉者一般为书香门第的子弟,求学来去途中有暖炉相伴,以防手冻而难于操笔。 On the other hand warmer is an important branch of copper furnace, it appeared relatively late incense. Ing also called "sleeve furnace, holding furnace, stove, heating is hand tool widely used in the old palace and folk, for copper. The same is used for heating, and the use of their things because of age, gender, identity, status, and even in different places, occasions, there are different ways of use. They or put on the table, or in the hands, or hidden in the sleeve, more family and friends sit around a fire. A miss to hide a little and dainty, carry thin clear of the sleeve furnace, the furnace put a carbon ball cage in the sleeve; portable stove is generally a family of scholar of children, and to study the way of stove together, to prevent cold hands and hard to hold the pen. 明初至清中期是铜炉制作的巅峰阶段,匠师们在长期过程中积累了精湛的技艺,形成了独特的传统,在中国工艺美术史上独树一帜。同时,在各个历史阶段对铜炉工艺美术各有创造,这又为铜炉带来了丰富的多样性。这些表现高度工艺技巧水平的艺术作品,精巧得可以炫人心目,其美术价值,当时已受到充分重视。 From the early Ming Dynasty to the middle Qing Dynasty, it was the peak stage of the copper furnace making. The craftsmen accumulated exquisite skills in the long process, forming a unique tradition and unique in the history of Chinese arts and crafts. At the same time, in every historical stage, the bronze furnace, arts and crafts have been created, which brings rich diversity to the copper furnace. These works of art, which show a high level of craftsmanship and craftsmanship, are exquisitely crafted to dazzle people, and their artistic value has been fully appreciated. |
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