| 铜佛像的鉴赏与收藏 |
| 添加时间：2017/12/18 17:38:15 浏览次数： |
| 雕像是立体的艺术，更接近于真实的视觉感受。不论是石雕、竹雕、铜雕、玉雕、木雕、根雕、泥塑等，当它们成为佛造像时，一样熠熠生辉，光彩夺目。在全世界，就单一雕塑对象而言，恐怕没有能够超过佛造像的，这说明佛教同时也助推了艺术形态的发展。——纯道题记 The statue is a three-dimensional art, much closer to real visual perception. Whether it is stone carving, bamboo carving, bronze carving, jade carving, wood carving, root carving, clay sculpture, etc., when they become Buddha statues, they are shining brightly and dazzling. In the world, as far as a single sculpture object is concerned, I am afraid that the Buddha statue has not been able to surpass the Buddha statue, which shows that Buddhism has also contributed to the development of the art form. -- pure tao 各时期传入的有限的印度佛造像如同种子，在各时代、各地域形成不同风格的造像。随着中国佛教文化的成熟，传入中国的印度佛像在中国工匠的手中逐渐脱离原有风格，加入了中国自身的造像形态，建立、发展成独特的中国佛像，在这艺术融汇、交流中，呈现出各时代多姿多彩的鲜明特色。 The limited Indian buddhas that were introduced at all times are like seeds, forming different styles in different times and regions. Introduced into China with the mature of China Buddhism culture, Indian Buddha statue in the hands of Chinese craftsmen gradually from the original style, joined the China's own statue form, to establish and develop the unique Chinese figure of Buddha, in this art, communication, present a colorful and bright characteristic in each era. 金铜造像是一种三维立体的雕塑艺术，也可以说是一种特殊的人体艺术，不同的只是其面部表情、手印、服饰、坐姿及周围的陪伴物、台座、持物等等而已。因此，可以把一般的鉴定要点归纳为以下六点：一看面相和体形，二看手印与坐姿，三看标识与坐骑，四看细部与装饰，五看材料与质地，六看铭文与题记。 Gold copper sculpture is a three-dimensional sculpture art, also can saying is a special kind of human art, different is its facial expressions, fingerprints, dress, posture, and the accompaniment, around the pedestal, the content and so on. Therefore, general identification of key points can be summarized as the following six: a look at the facial and bodily form, 2 see fingerprints and sitting position, three identification and mounts, four see details and adornment, five material and texture, six inscriptions and words. 首先，所谓标识和坐骑、佛像的手印、坐姿都是有定规的，只要仔细观察和对照，就可正确地为一件造像定名，分清是佛还是菩萨，究竟是哪尊佛哪尊菩萨。正确的定名是正确鉴定的前提。 First of all, the so-called identity and mounts, Buddha hand, sitting position are determined, as long as careful observation and comparison, can correctly for a statue named, is Buddha or a bodhisattva, which what statue of Buddha statue of a bodhisattva. Correct naming is the prerequisite for correct identification. 再者，佛像的面相与体型，是鉴定佛像的关键。它包括面部的五官、身材的比例、肌肉的表现、整体的风格等等，哪怕同一朝代的不同时期，也有很大的差异。比如清代康熙、乾隆时期和嘉庆、道光时期的造像，就有着一定的差别。 Moreover, the face and body of the Buddha are the key to the identification of the Buddha. It includes facial features, body proportions, muscle performance, overall style, and so on, even at different times of the same dynasty. For example, qing dynasty kangxi, qianlong period and jiaqing, daoguang period statues, there are certain differences. 其后，所谓细部与装饰，可以说是佛像鉴定时非常实用的小窍门。如明代莲花座与清代莲花座上的莲瓣装饰，明代莲瓣精细而长，且瓣与瓣中有小型三角装饰，而清代莲瓣则显得粗壮，瓣与瓣间也无装饰。因此，明清金铜佛像看莲瓣也是一个非常有效的方法。 Later, the so-called detail and decoration are very practical tips for the identification of Buddha statues. Such as lotus lotus in Ming dynasty and qing dynasty on the lotus-shaped adornment, Ming dynasty lotus-shaped fine and long, and in the disc and the disc has a small triangle decoration, and the qing dynasty lotus-shaped is brawny, nor the adornment between valve and valve. Therefore, it is also a very effective method to see the lotus valve. 再有材料与质地，这是鉴定中最为直观的。铜佛像的材料主要有青铜、黄铜和红铜。在鉴定时，要注意不同的时期用铜是不同的。如同样是清代，早、中期是不同的，特别是乾隆时期，因为国力强盛和皇室对佛像的崇奉，这时造的佛像用材料特别好，所以乾隆时期佛像一上手，就有特别沉的感觉，而到晚清的佛像，手感要轻许多。 There is also material and texture, which is the most intuitive of the appraisal. Bronze, brass and red copper are the main materials of the bronze Buddha. In the identification, it is important to note that copper is different in different periods. Is as the same in the qing dynasty, the early and middle is different, especially in the qianlong period, because national strength strong and the royal family to worship Buddha, the Buddha made of materials especially good at this moment, so the qianlong period of Buddha to fit in is particularly heavy feeling, and the Buddha to the late qing dynasty, is much lighter touch. 不同地区或受不同地区影响而生产的佛像，用铜和用料也不相同。如藏佛教造像，内地宫廷的造像注重整体鎏金上光，藏地的佛像则注重远视效果，喜欢镶嵌各种矿物，包括绿松石、青金石等，有的只在脸部鎏金或贴金。而同为藏地造像，受克什米尔风格影响的造像，多以黄铜铸造，澄黄亮丽，他处少见。同时，眼与白毫常以白银镶嵌，唇部和衣纹喜欢用红铜镶嵌，使整体造像显得非常华丽。而受尼泊尔风格影响的造像，则多用红铜铸造，鎏金并镶嵌宝石。 The Buddha, produced by different regions or regions affected by different regions, USES copper and materials differently. Such as the Tibetan buddhist statues, the mainland court he pay attention to the overall gold glazing, Tibetan Buddha focuses on hyperopia effect, like Mosaic of various minerals, including turquoise and lapis lazuli, some only gold or gold on the face. But the same is the Tibetan land, influenced by the kashmiri style of the statue, much of the bronze casting, the yellow and bright, he is rare. At the same time, the eye and the white are often inlaid with silver, the lips and lines like to use the red copper inlaying, making the whole statue look very gorgeous. The statue, influenced by nepalese style, is made of copper, gilding and gemstones. 最后是注意铭文和题记。铭文与题记是造像本身提供给我们的文字鉴定内容。一般说佛像上的题记从佛像一出现就有了。明代有“大明永乐年施”和“大明宣德年施”款，清代则为“大清乾隆年制”款，这两个朝代只有这3个款识较多，其他年号一般不刻款。 Finally, note the inscriptions and inscription. The inscription and inscription are the textual content provided to us by the statue itself. Generally speaking, the inscription on the Buddha appears from the emergence of the Buddha statue. In the Ming dynasty "shi Ming yongle years" and "da Ming xuande years", is "the qing qianlong year" in the qing dynasty, the two dynasties only these three inscriptions is more, other title is generally not KeKuan. 另外在鉴定中，还需注意的一个问题是必须参照别的艺术门类。比如藏传佛像，可以参照壁画、唐卡来辅助鉴定。当然对文物爱好者与收藏者来说，尽可能地接触、观看一些藏品，比如参观故宫博物馆、河南省博物院、陕西碑林博物馆、上海博物馆等有雕刻和佛教造像专门陈列的展馆，更是学习鉴定的好地方。 In addition, one of the problems to be noticed in the identification is that other arts should be referred to. For example, Tibetan buddhist statues can be identified by referring to mural and tangka. For enthusiasts and collectors, of course, as soon as possible contact, watch some pieces, such as visiting the Forbidden City museum, museum of henan province, shaanxi forest of steles museum, Shanghai museum has a special display of the exhibition hall, carving and buddhist images is good place to study identification. 凡文物有鉴定就有辨伪。清末以来，国内外考古学家和收藏者，对佛像艺术的研究与喜好不断升温，金铜佛像不再是纯粹的崇拜偶像，它也成为代表一种宗教文化的艺术品，特别是近年更是成为收藏者寻觅的对象。因此作伪的佛像也如洪水般泛滥市场之上，这就要求收藏者高度重视，要收藏必先辨伪。一般而言，伪品可分为三类： There is discrimination in the identification of cultural relics. Since the late qing dynasty, archaeologists and collectors at home and abroad, the study of art of figure of Buddha and be fond of heating up, gold copper Buddha is no longer a pure worship idols, it also has become a kind of religious culture art, especially in recent years, to be the object of the collectors find. Therefore, the fake Buddha statue is flooding the market, which requires collectors to attach great importance to it. Generally speaking, counterfeit goods can be divided into three categories: 第一类，也是最易识别的那些粗制滥造的新佛像，一看就知道是作伪的。这些佛像往往大批出现，价格低廉。 The first, and the most recognizable, of the new Buddha statues, are known to be false. These images often come in large Numbers and are cheap. 第二类，是按真品仿造的。这些佛像的制作要考究些，而且还常常会经过做旧，所以较为难辨一些。其中还分以下几种情况： The second type is imitation of genuine article. These buddhas are made to be more sophisticated, and they are often made to be old, so they are more difficult to discern. There are several cases: （1）以真品翻模制造的。这种用真品做模在翻新的作伪法，乍一看整体很像，但真拿在手中就会有过重或过沉的感觉，铜质也很硬，锈色也不自然，鎏金都是以电镀法鎏的金，光泽极不自然。古代是用水银法鎏金，色泽很沉稳，给人以厚实的感觉，虽然经过长期的磨蚀会露出铜胎之色，但古意盎然，这是仿品不可比拟的。如果再看细布翻模的伪品往往在细部交代不清。因为翻模之品，出模后在衣纹、手指、面部等处还必须进行细加工。古代工匠在制作时，对少对佛经所言的要求有些理解，再加上制作上的尽心，自然是现在那些对佛教教义一无所知，急功近利、以营利为目的的作伪者难以比拟的。 (1) it is made with real product. This made mould in the renovation of the real practices, at first glance is like a whole, but true take in your hand will be overweight or too heavy feeling, also very hard, copper rust color is not natural, gold is gold plating coppering.as, luster is unnatural. In ancient times, the gold was used in gold, and the color was very stable. It gave a thick feeling to the people. Although the long abrasion would reveal the color of the copper fetus, it was very old, and it was not comparable to the imitation. If you look at the forgery of the fine cloth, it is often unclear in the details. Because of the mold, after the mold, in the clothing lines, fingers, face and so on must also be fine processing. Ancient craftsmen, the less demand for buddhist says some understanding, combined with production, with all of nature is now those who do not know anything about Buddhism, pushing, for-profit ZuoWeiZhe incomparable. （2）以真品为范本重新制作的。这些伪品往往以比较著名的真品为范本，而且多是以图录照片为参考的。因为是参考平面复制立体，缺乏立体感和细部的把握，特别是像的背面、底部、局部纹饰，更会有貌合神离的感觉。所以，看器物更要注意器物的细处，才能不被迷惑。 (2) reproducing the genuine article for the model. These fake products are often used to compare the famous authentic products, and many are based on pictures of pictures. Because it is the reference plane duplicate stereo, lacks the stereo feeling and detail the grasps, especially the back, the bottom, the local grain decoration, more will have the feeling of the appearance. Therefore, you should pay more attention to the detail of the objects, so that you can not be confused. （3）是以真品为范本综合创造的。在制作前，作伪者找了一此真品和名品为参考，但制作时又不以哪一件为本，而是综合创作的。这类佛像主要是清末民国时古玩行所仿的，仿唐以前的多一点，这就需要我们仔细审视了。但作为“民国仿北魏”、“民国仿唐代”的造像收藏进来，用作参考，也末尝不可。 (3) based on the genuine article, the product is created by comprehensive model. Before the production, the forgers found a genuine article and a famous article for reference, but not in the production of which one, but the comprehensive creation. This kind of figure of Buddha is mainly in the period of the republic of the republic of qing dynasty, a little more than before, which needs to be carefully examined. But as "the republic of the republic of China", "the republic of the tang dynasty" in the collection of the collection, as a reference, also to taste. （4）按传统技艺制造的新佛像，这里主要是指西藏地区的新佛像，还包括一些法器。西藏地区与临近的尼泊尔具有数百年以上的佛像制作历史，特别是一些偏远地区的工匠们，仍然忠实地遵循着古法在制作着各类佛像，他们并不是作伪图财，而是供给信徒崇拜的偶像。所以他们的作品合乎佛教教理，加工之传统技法世代相延，有一整套标准的制作程序，明清以来几乎不变。 (4) the new Buddha statue, which is made by traditional techniques, mainly refers to the new Buddha statues in Tibet, and also includes some legal instruments. In Tibet and neighboring Nepal has hundreds of years of Buddha made history, especially in some remote areas of craftsmen, still faithfully follow the comfort in the production of various kinds of figure of Buddha, they are not fake goods, but supplies the idol of believers. Therefore, their works are in accordance with the buddhist teachings, the traditional techniques of processing are postponed, and there is a complete set of standard production procedures, which have been almost unchanged since the Ming and qing dynasties. 第三类，比较容易迷惑人的就是所谓“移花接木”法作假的伪品。1、数件拼合。就是将失落的残件重新拼装起来。比如，明代的狮子放上清代的像。2、真品加伪款。比如将清代晚期的佛像刻上“大清乾隆年制”，来提高身价。3、新旧拼凑的作伪法。比如缺个座子、缺个背光等，配上新座子、或配上新背光，来充完整的旧品。 In the third category, it is easy to confuse people with the so-called "graft and wood" method. 1. Piecing together several pieces. It is to reassemble the lost parts. For example, the lions in the Ming dynasty put on the image of qing dynasty. 2. Genuine article plus counterfeit. For example, the qing dynasty in the late qing dynasty Buddha engraved in the "great qing qianlong year", to raise the price. 3. New and old methods of counterfeiting. For example, lack of a seat, lack of a backlight, a new seat, or a new backlight, to complete the old products. 最后，是款识的辨伪。可分为真品伪款、伪品真款和伪品伪款三种。作为者总希望在作伪后能抬高物品的身价，比如，在明代早期佛像上加刻“大明永乐年施”或“大明宣德年施”款，其实，这反而破坏了品相。伪品伪款自然是无一可取，但还有一种伪品真款要注意观察，这就是前面所说的“东拼西凑”造成的，在真品有款的座子或背光上，加上新佛像，像是伪的，可款是真的。以上几点都要求我们看东西要具体、全面、不可拘泥于一点、一处、见小不见大。同时，还可以从字体、字形来分析。总之，还要综合判断，特别注意。 Finally, it is the discrimination of knowledge. It can be divided into three kinds: authentic fake, false and counterfeit. As people always hope that after these can raise the item's value, for example, in the early Ming dynasty Buddha and carved "shi Ming yongle years" or the "da Ming xuande years", in fact, it destroys the appearance. Falsify pseudo nature is no good, but there is a kind of falsify really want to watch, this is the "patchwork" said earlier, on the real model of saddle or backlit, plus a new figure of Buddha, like a fake, but is true. All of these things require us to see things in a concrete, comprehensive and non-formal way. At the same time, you can also analyze the font and font. All in all, make a general judgment and pay special attention. 金铜佛像的收藏和其他铜器的收藏基本相同。金属品文物的收藏都要注意防潮、防锈以及修补、去锈等。知识佛像具有宗教遗物的特点。所以我们在收藏中，要注意到它的宗教特性，多少应该带些对宗教的敬意，了解一些宗教仪规，从而区别于一般的金属文物。 The gold bronze Buddha's collection is basically the same as that of other bronze objects. The collection of metal objects should pay attention to moistureproof, rust and repair, rust etc. The knowledge Buddha has the characteristics of religious relics. Therefore, in our collection, we should pay attention to its religious characteristics, how much should be taken with respect to religion, and learn some religious rules and regulations to distinguish them from ordinary metal objects. |
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